II. Connections
a. The locus of a gene is the specific area of a gene, which is read and copied by proteins in order for the ribosomes to produce new proteins. The shape and structure of these proteins, while influenced by interactions between amino acids and interactions between ‘r’ groups, is determined by disulfide bridges, which are covalent bonds between two cysteine amino acids.
b. Nondisjunction is the failure of sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes to move apart and separate during meiosis or mitosis. This can happen due to the centromeres and centrioles, which are arranged in a nine-triplet pattern, leaving the chromosomes stuck together and not moved into each cell that is a product of the process.
c. Autosomes essentially are all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes X and Y, which differ in males and females. This difference in gender is accompanied by the effects of steroids because some steroids, such as estrogen and testosterone, also differentiate between males and females in terms of molecule concentration.
d. Polygenic refers to traits that are determined by a specific number of genes, which allow for diversity within populations. An example of such would be the glycocalyx because, in eukaryotic cells, depending on the genes, they take a specific shape that allows the cell to which it is attached to interact with specific cells and have a unique identity.
d. Polygenic refers to traits that are determined by a specific number of genes, which allow for diversity within populations. An example of such would be the glycocalyx because, in eukaryotic cells, depending on the genes, they take a specific shape that allows the cell to which it is attached to interact with specific cells and have a unique identity.
III. Essentials
a. Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that, during metaphase I of meiosis, homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated, resulting in the gametes of the organism only containing one version of each chromosome. Ultimately, the offspring created by the fertilization of two gametes will contain two versions of each gene, resulting in an increased diversity within the population. Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment states that in metaphase I of meiosis, when homologous chromosomes temporarily attach to each other at the chaism and form a tetrad, which chromosome faces which "pole" of the meiotic cell is completely random. In other words the maternal version of chromosome # 5 can be facing the right pole while the maternal version of chromosome #6 can be facing the left side of the cell. This, just like the Law of Segregation, creates variety and diversity within a population.
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