II Connections
1. During Prophase I of meiosis, the two duplicated homologous chromosome pairs are temporarily attached to one another at the chaism. While connected, the two homologous chromosomes can exchange genetic material at their junction points, which is called crossing over. Thus, due to this event, variation in genes are produced for the eventual offspring, influencing the whole population's allele frequency, or relative abundance of alleles of a specific gene among individuals of a population. Specifically, moving a population from a specific allele frequency state called genetic equilibrium, due to the new diversity in alleles brought on by events such as crossing over.
2. Analogous structures are different responses of different body parts to similar challenges, such as the common challenge of flight faced by bats, birds, and flies that had a part in influencing their development of various wing structures. In terms of natural selection, the selective progression of traits favorable to a certain environment due to competition, both analogous structures and natural selection occur as a result of the nature of the environment.
3. A Gene pool is a complete set of unique alleles in a given population, for the individuals of a population inherit the same number and kind of genes from their parents. if a population of organisms were to experience a bottleneck or drastic reduction in population size due to various environmental pressures, the gene pool of that population will be relatively less diverse than before. Since a reduction in population size occurs, there are only few individuals left to reproduce and pass on their own genes, and renew the population size, which is why diversity of the gene pool is less.
4. Balanced polymorphism is the persistence of two or more alleles at relatively high frequencies within a population. This allele frequency is maintained in certain populations under certain conditions, for if the predators of a specific population develop a search image, variation in exterior aspects of the prey would more favorable for survival under this circumstance. Therefore, balanced polymorphism is sustained because of the benefits of being heterozygous or phenotypically varied.
III. Essentials
1. -Natural populations, by nature are able to increase in size over time, due to their inherent reproductive capacity
- Population size is checked from consistently growing due to the exhaustibilty of limited resources
- Conclusion: Eventually, competition will arise between individuals since there are
- Individuals share a common gene pool with respects to its population
- Genetic Variation within a population begins with alleles, or slightly different forms of genes that result from mutations
- Conclusion: Certain traits prove more able to secure survival than counterpart traits of different alleles, and so the alleles that encode for the more fit traits will become more frequent in the population of that environment over time.
- Conclusion: Natural Selection is the result of the trait variation of a population, due to certain environmental factors, that in all could produce evolution of that population.
2. 1.Chemical, molecular evolution that resulted in the origin of life 4,600 million years ago
2. Accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere that produced eukaryotic cells
3. Breakup of Gondwana and Pangea that created environmental differences and initiated mass extinction
4. Recurrent Ice Ages that caused mass extinctions
5. Major Crustal movements that created various biomes and therefore diversity of life
3. "Individuals don't evolve, populations do", is the accurate view of evolution, for natural selection and other types of evolution result from changes in the DNA of an individual, so no organism can evolve itself because no individual can alter their own DNA. Rather organisms evolve as a result of the changes of a parent's DNA, and if these changes do not hinder the survivability of the resultant offspring than that new allele could be passed on, thereby evolving the population(micro evolution)
4. Phenotypic variation is generated by a number of factors, such as genetic mutations in where the base sequence of DNA is alter slightly, not to change survivability or reproduction. A second source would be crossing over during prophase I of meiosis because it creates numerous unique gene combinations in the produced gamete. Also, independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, mixes orientation of maternal and paternal chromosomes and also helps create genetically varied gametes. Furthermore, fertilization of two gametes from two different individuals, combines alleles of two random gametes, explaining why phenotypic expression of traits also vary between siblings. Lastly, chromosome mutations, or alterations in the structure of chromosomes, results in the loss, duplication, or repositioning of genes.
1. During Prophase I of meiosis, the two duplicated homologous chromosome pairs are temporarily attached to one another at the chaism. While connected, the two homologous chromosomes can exchange genetic material at their junction points, which is called crossing over. Thus, due to this event, variation in genes are produced for the eventual offspring, influencing the whole population's allele frequency, or relative abundance of alleles of a specific gene among individuals of a population. Specifically, moving a population from a specific allele frequency state called genetic equilibrium, due to the new diversity in alleles brought on by events such as crossing over.
2. Analogous structures are different responses of different body parts to similar challenges, such as the common challenge of flight faced by bats, birds, and flies that had a part in influencing their development of various wing structures. In terms of natural selection, the selective progression of traits favorable to a certain environment due to competition, both analogous structures and natural selection occur as a result of the nature of the environment.
3. A Gene pool is a complete set of unique alleles in a given population, for the individuals of a population inherit the same number and kind of genes from their parents. if a population of organisms were to experience a bottleneck or drastic reduction in population size due to various environmental pressures, the gene pool of that population will be relatively less diverse than before. Since a reduction in population size occurs, there are only few individuals left to reproduce and pass on their own genes, and renew the population size, which is why diversity of the gene pool is less.
4. Balanced polymorphism is the persistence of two or more alleles at relatively high frequencies within a population. This allele frequency is maintained in certain populations under certain conditions, for if the predators of a specific population develop a search image, variation in exterior aspects of the prey would more favorable for survival under this circumstance. Therefore, balanced polymorphism is sustained because of the benefits of being heterozygous or phenotypically varied.
III. Essentials
1. -Natural populations, by nature are able to increase in size over time, due to their inherent reproductive capacity
- Population size is checked from consistently growing due to the exhaustibilty of limited resources
- Conclusion: Eventually, competition will arise between individuals since there are
- Individuals share a common gene pool with respects to its population
- Genetic Variation within a population begins with alleles, or slightly different forms of genes that result from mutations
- Conclusion: Certain traits prove more able to secure survival than counterpart traits of different alleles, and so the alleles that encode for the more fit traits will become more frequent in the population of that environment over time.
- Conclusion: Natural Selection is the result of the trait variation of a population, due to certain environmental factors, that in all could produce evolution of that population.
2. 1.Chemical, molecular evolution that resulted in the origin of life 4,600 million years ago
2. Accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere that produced eukaryotic cells
3. Breakup of Gondwana and Pangea that created environmental differences and initiated mass extinction
4. Recurrent Ice Ages that caused mass extinctions
5. Major Crustal movements that created various biomes and therefore diversity of life
3. "Individuals don't evolve, populations do", is the accurate view of evolution, for natural selection and other types of evolution result from changes in the DNA of an individual, so no organism can evolve itself because no individual can alter their own DNA. Rather organisms evolve as a result of the changes of a parent's DNA, and if these changes do not hinder the survivability of the resultant offspring than that new allele could be passed on, thereby evolving the population(micro evolution)
4. Phenotypic variation is generated by a number of factors, such as genetic mutations in where the base sequence of DNA is alter slightly, not to change survivability or reproduction. A second source would be crossing over during prophase I of meiosis because it creates numerous unique gene combinations in the produced gamete. Also, independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, mixes orientation of maternal and paternal chromosomes and also helps create genetically varied gametes. Furthermore, fertilization of two gametes from two different individuals, combines alleles of two random gametes, explaining why phenotypic expression of traits also vary between siblings. Lastly, chromosome mutations, or alterations in the structure of chromosomes, results in the loss, duplication, or repositioning of genes.
5. p2(AA) + 2pq(Aa) + q2(aa) = 1.0
p and q are the frequencies of the dominant and recessive alleles (A, a), respectively.
Conditions: 1. No mutation exists
2.The population is infinitely large
3..The population is isolated from ll other populations of the species
4. Mating is random
5. All individuals survive and produce the same number of offspring
2.The population is infinitely large
3..The population is isolated from ll other populations of the species
4. Mating is random
5. All individuals survive and produce the same number of offspring
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