Chapter 46 & 49

II Connections
a.  Commensalism and coevolution both are results from ecological interections between species.  However, in commensalism, one species benefits from the relationship and the other is barely affected. Coeevolution, on the other hand, results from changes in one species creating slection pressure on futer generationbs of another species.
b. Mimicry and aposematic coloration asre both used by prey to ecape or avoid oredators, and both are ven used by predators. Aposematic coloration is used by prey to let predators know that it is not tasty or is harmful.  Mimicry involves prey using a dangerous model and disguises itsleg as the model, making predators less likely to attack them.
c. Alleles are different forms of a gene and arise from mutation and provide variation to a trait.  This can influence altruism, in which an individual acts differently and decreases its chances of reproduction while improving the chances for others in its species. Alleles may never be found in futer generations as a result of altruism.
d.  a population is all of the individual organisms of the same species, which reproduce only with others like themselves in DNA and body structure, living in a specific area.  A niche is the sum total of all activities and relationships of all of the individuals in a specific species participate in as they compete for resources vital for survival and reproduction.
III. Essentials
1. A hawk takes shelter in the safety of a pine tree's branches.  The hawk benefits from the relationship and more of its species begin to do the same, but the species of pine tree the hawks live in are not affected by the relationship.
2. A yuccamoth uses yucca plants to reproduce by laying its eggs in the flower's ovary while pushing pollen into the flower's pollen platform. As a result, both the yucca plant and moth reproduce successfully.
3. A tapeworm lives inside a human's digestive tract, leeching nutrients from the digested food, resulting in the death of the human and the proliferation of the tape worm.
4.Bristly foxtail, Indian mallow, and smartweed populate a field. In order for all three species to survive, they adapt the lengths of their roots so different layers of the soil remain occupied by only one species.
5. Wolves in a certain area evolve with higher stamina, resulting in more caribou being killed and a decrese in thier population. As result, the traits in the caribou also evolve so that they run faster and escape more easily.
6. A chameleon camoflauges itself when it is on a brown stem whil a bird flies over head.
7. A beetle, in order to survive its predators, mimics the dangerous model of a yellowjacket.
8. A very poisoness tree frog is marked with vibrant red spots on its green body to warn predators to stay away or else they will be harmed.
9. Glaciers retreat from a mountain and mosses form on the exposed land mass. Centriesof evolution result in formation of forests and plants.
10. When seastars are absent, mussels become the most dominant competitors of seven other invetebrates.
11.A newborn garter snake, by instinct, tongue-flicked a cptton swab drenched with tissue fluids from a banana slug, its natural prey.
12. Baby gees imprint on their mother and follow her during a short period of time after they hatch.
13. A lion hunts its prey by charging it, resulting in less successful outcomes of hunting. Other lions evolve to sneak up on prey  due to this lion's faults.
14. Female silk moths release Bombylol molecules to attract male silk moths kilometers away in order for sexual reproduction to occur.
15. Honeybees dance when a scout locates pollen sources. It dances, signaling to the hive the direction of the source.
16. Adele penguins have ritualized behaviors of laying heads on each other.